USAGE: Industrial agriculture has failed to eliminate food insecurity in Africa. It is time for a radically different approach…

By Mutinta Nketani and  Timothy Wise

Sasini employees unload bags of fertilizer from a truck at Kipkebe Tea Estate at Kipkebe Tea Estate in Musereita on October 21, 2022. – The agricultural drone market is expected to grow in the coming years, with some reports suggesting it could reach 10.5 billion USD by 2028.  

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On September 5, the annual Africa Food Systems Forum, organised by the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA), will launch in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Government officials, experts, policymakers and business leaders will come together to discuss – in their words – “building back better food systems and food sovereignty”.

Sponsored by international philanthropic and bilateral donors and agrochemical and biotech companies such as Yara, Corteva and Bayer, the forum promotes hybrid and genetically modified seeds, chemical fertilisers and pesticides used in the type of industrial-scale agriculture that has failed to deliver “better food systems” or “food sovereignty”.

This approach to growing food, involving problematic practices that harm soils, pollute the environment, and favour large landowners and big agribusiness, has been pushed on Africa in the past few decades. But it has not helped the continent overcome food insecurity.

AGRA’s work is a case in point. It has failed to deliver on its own promises to increase productivity and incomes for 20 million farm households while halving food insecurity by 2020. Of the 13 countries it has primarily worked with, three have reduced the number of malnourished people over the past 15 years: Zambia by 2 percent, Ethiopia by 8 percent and Ghana by 36 percent, still short of the 50 percent target.

In countries like Kenya and Nigeria, both of which have embraced industrial agriculture policies, the number of undernourished people has grown by 44 percent and 247 percent, respectively. Taken together, the population of undernourished people in the 13 states AGRA has primarily worked with has actually risen by 50 percent over the past 15 years. A donor-commissioned evaluation released in 2022 also confirmed that AGRA “did not meet its headline goal of increased incomes and food security for 9 million smallholders” in the previous five years.

That is because the industrial agriculture practices AGRA and others promote degrade soils over time and decrease productivity – as our research has shown. Still, under pressure from foreign donors and big agribusiness, countries across Africa have been adopting policies that reflect this harmful approach to agriculture.

Zambia is one of them. Despite having one of the highest adoption rates for commercial seeds and fertilisers, the country has poor development outcomes. It has decreased malnourishment by 2 percent, but three-quarters of rural Zambians continue living in extreme poverty.

To address these failures, a new National Agricultural Investment Plan was being developed by the Zambian government in open consultation with farmers, experts and civil society. Among other practices, it was going to promote a wider diversity of crops and not just maize, which has been favoured by industrial agriculture proponents.

Surprisingly, the government introduced instead a “Comprehensive Agriculture Transformation Support Programme” (CATSP) as its new development strategy, which favours larger agricultural businesses and which is backed by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).

CATSP focuses on supporting farmers growing maize and soybeans, along with other export crops, at the expense of the more diverse food crops grown by Zambian farmers, such as millet and sorghum. Worse still, it will extend a farm blocks programme that allots vast tracts of land for farming.

Smallholder farmers figure almost nowhere in the CATSP scheme, except as occasional beneficiaries of the controversial Farmer Input Support Programme, which is rife with corruption and waste. The programme’s input subsidies keep farmers locked in the production of maize and soybeans and dependent on chemical fertilisers, pesticides and hybrid seeds. All are expensive and have failed to turn a profit for most farmers. They have also been shown to weaken crop and diet diversity while damaging the environment.

Such schemes benefit multinational seed and fertiliser companies, which make windfall profits from countries like Zambia, which become hooked on their products. This type of agriculture development reflects the growing perception of farming and food production in Africa as a new money-making opportunity.

Back in 2014, Nigeria’s agriculture minister, Akinwumi Adesina, who is now the head of the African Development Bank, made that clear when he quipped: “Agriculture should be our next oil.”

But African farmers and community leaders are not ready to see their lands and cultures destroyed in another wave of neocolonial plunder. There is growing pushback against the promotion of industrial farming in Africa. Ahead of AGRA’s forum, the Alliance for Food Sovereignty in Africa (AFSA), which represents millions of small-scale African farmers, held a press conference denouncing the exclusion of their voices.

“Where are the farmers?” asked Tanzanian farmer leader Juma Shabani at the press event. “They are clearly excluded in the coming 2023 AGRF meeting in Tanzania, a country with more than 70 percent of its population engaged in agriculture.” AFSA and other grassroots organisations on the continent call for agroecology – low-input farming that builds on traditional peasant practices but innovates with the help of scientists. This is a much more sustainable, efficient and healthy way to grow food.

Farmers working with agroecologists are getting far better results than industrial agriculture programmes, improving food productivity while restoring degraded soils with climate-resilient practices such as intercropping, manure applications, and organic fertilisers produced using local materials.

The simple and low-cost innovation of creating “green manure cover crops”, for example, has scientists working with small-scale maize farmers across Africa to plant local varieties of trees and nitrogen-fixing food crops in their maize fields, increasing maize harvests at no cost to the farmer.

“Food security and nutrition can no longer be measured in yields or high productivity based on fertiliser, hybridised and GMO seed,” said Juliet Nangamba of the Zambian Alliance for Agroecology and Biodiversity at the August 30 press conference. “We need to transition to agroecology.”

It is time donors listen to such voices. It is time to drop stubborn adherence to a failing agricultural dogma. It is time to protect the lands and livelihoods of small-scale farmers and end the sort of corporate-driven, top-down development that has failed so miserably. It is time to give African farmers a seat at the table, rather than excluding them from gatherings like the Africa Food Systems Forum.

Food sovereignty means allowing people to choose how they grow their food, respecting local cultures, and supporting practices that restore soils, promote biodiversity and make farming more resilient to climate change. It is the right to choose what you eat and how you produce it – free of foreign control.

The estimated 784 million food-insecure Africans need to eat. And African farmers know how to feed them.

• The authors of the article are Mutinta Nketani is national coordinator for the Zambian Alliance for Agroecology and Biodiversity, and Timothy Wise, senior advisor at the Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy

Comment

GOVT MUST CLAMPDOWN ON HIJACK SYNDICATES

The  hijacking of buildings by foreigners in several parts of  Johannesburg has, over the years, been a powder keg ready to explode because of the uncaring attitude of these crime syndicates who are only interested in making huge profits and not properly maintaining and providing essential services to the desperate tenants.

It is unfortunate that politicians, who have been particularly engrossed in petty  issues revolving mostly around coalitions instead of focusing on service delivery matters, can still afford to point fingers at each other while others are grandstanding after the recent devastating fire that killed at least 76 people including children. Nearly ninety  others were injured when the fire gutted the five-story building in Marshalltown, Johannesburg on August 31.

The Gauteng provincial authorities were warned a few years after the dawn of democracy in 1994 about criminal syndicates comprising foreigners, who were hijacking properties in almost every street mostly in Berea, Bertrams, Turfontein, Jeppe, Hillbrow , Bez Valley and Rosettenville. Most of these buildings – with illegal electricity connections and no running water –  had also been turned into drug dens.

After receiving  nearly 200 complaints about these properties during 2022 and 2023, the City of Johannesburg’s Group Forensic and Investigation  Services managed to return nearly fifty of the hijacked properties to its rightful owners. Ten Nigerian and four Congolese nationals were arrested during a special  operation at two hijacked properties in Rosettenville in 2018.

After this successful operation, the authorities folded their arms and this allowed the syndicates to regroup and continue with their criminal activities with impunity to exploit desperate and homeless people.

The bomb then started ticking again and the explosion happened on August 31 when 76 people perished in  the deadliest fire ever experienced in this country. The politicians, from different political affiliations rushed to the scene of the tragedy only to grandstand  and point fingers at each other.

Johannesburg City Councillors must stop  blaming each other for this tragedy and focus on what is best to address serious problems including the acute shortage of houses and illegal foreigners.

Without sounding xenophobic, it is time for the South African government to implement the laws that regulate the influx of foreigners just like any other country in the world. South Africa cannot be bullied into accommodating undocumented foreigners whose commit crimes in a country where they would never be arrested.

We welcome the latest announcement by the Department of Public Works and Infrastructure that they had now launched a massive crackdown on 1260 hijacked government-owned buildings. The police must also be involved in arresting and exposing the  individuals and syndicates who were running these hijacked buildings.